Preface

Neural Foundations of Communication was developed for undergraduate neurology classes in the study of communication sciences and disorders. Anatomy and Physiology is a prerequisite to gain an understanding of neurology as it relates to communication. As such, this book contains some of the foundational information from the anatomy textbook, “Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Communication Sciences” for review.

The authors intended to cover the coursework with this textbook to customize the sequence of learning objectives and support rising Speech-Language Pathologists. We developed our first open educational resource (OER) textbook in 2020, shortly after the COVID-19 Pandemic began. Reducing the costs of study materials helps rising SLPs progress toward their certification without interruptions due to financial constraints. Developing the Open Education Resource (OER) resources is our ongoing effort to support future SLPs.

A large part of this book is from various OpenStax textbooks. OpenStax is a nonprofit organization based out of Rice University in Houston, Texas. Its open resource textbooks cover a vast amount of information for two-semester core curriculum courses in various disciplines. OpenStax generously permits educators to use their books' content in part or in whole to develop textbooks customized for each instructor's course structure. The present textbook's content from other open resources, such as OpenStax, is color-coded in black ink. Additional information concerning communication sciences and disorders appears in blue ink. The original OpenStax texts are accessible free of charge at https://openstax.org/subjects. This textbook includes applicable content from the OpenStax books Anatomy and Physiology, Psychology, and Biology for AP® Course.

This textbook contains various images produced by the renowned Dr. Willard R. Zemlin (1929-1998) with permission. Dr. Zemlin was one of the most influential scholars in anatomy and physiology concerning communication sciences and disorders. Dr. Zemlin's son, Mr. Karl Zemlin, kindly sharpened numerous images to provide high-resolution pictures. Mr. Zemlin expressed his appreciation for the generosity of those who donated their bodies to science throughout his father's studies. A full collection of Dr. Zemlin's work is accessible at his memorial website http://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/zemlinBio.htm of which Mr. Zemlin is the webmaster.

This textbook also incorporates additional OER materials from various information from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), branches of National Institute of Health, Wikimedia Commons, and other Wikimedia websites. The “Wiki-“ series offers a wide range of information under Creative Common (CC) licenses, allowing the use and remix of the materials. This textbook would not have been possible without the contributions of OpenStax, Mr. Karl Zemlin, and generous providers of CDC, NIH, and Wikimedia Commons resources. We sincerely appreciate their kindness. We have made this textbook available for our future colleagues to gain entry-level scientific knowledge applicable for serving individuals with communication disorders.

June S. Levitt, Ph.D., LDT, CCC-SLP
Sarah L. Guigneaux, M.S., CCC-SLP

August 2021
Contact: OpenResource2020@gmail.com

Preface

Neural Foundations of Communication was developed for undergraduate neurology classes in the study of communication sciences and disorders. Anatomy and Physiology is a prerequisite to gain an understanding of neurology as it relates to communication. As such, this book contains some of the foundational information from the anatomy textbook, “Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Communication Sciences” for review.

The authors intended to cover the coursework with this textbook to customize the sequence of learning objectives and support rising Speech-Language Pathologists. We developed our first open educational resource (OER) textbook in 2020, shortly after the COVID-19 Pandemic began. Reducing the costs of study materials helps rising SLPs progress toward their certification without interruptions due to financial constraints. Developing the Open Education Resource (OER) resources is our ongoing effort to support future SLPs.

A large part of this book is from various OpenStax textbooks. OpenStax is a nonprofit organization based out of Rice University in Houston, Texas. Its open resource textbooks cover a vast amount of information for two-semester core curriculum courses in various disciplines. OpenStax generously permits educators to use their books' content in part or in whole to develop textbooks customized for each instructor's course structure. The present textbook's content from other open resources, such as OpenStax, is color-coded in black ink. Additional information concerning communication sciences and disorders appears in blue ink. The original OpenStax texts are accessible free of charge at https://openstax.org/subjects. This textbook includes applicable content from the OpenStax books Anatomy and Physiology, Psychology, and Biology for AP® Course.

This textbook contains various images produced by the renowned Dr. Willard R. Zemlin (1929-1998) with permission. Dr. Zemlin was one of the most influential scholars in anatomy and physiology concerning communication sciences and disorders. Dr. Zemlin's son, Mr. Karl Zemlin, kindly sharpened numerous images to provide high-resolution pictures. Mr. Zemlin expressed his appreciation for the generosity of those who donated their bodies to science throughout his father's studies. A full collection of Dr. Zemlin's work is accessible at his memorial website http://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/zemlinBio.htm of which Mr. Zemlin is the webmaster.

This textbook also incorporates additional OER materials from various information from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), branches of National Institute of Health, Wikimedia Commons, and other Wikimedia websites. The “Wiki-“ series offers a wide range of information under Creative Common (CC) licenses, allowing the use and remix of the materials. This textbook would not have been possible without the contributions of OpenStax, Mr. Karl Zemlin, and generous providers of CDC, NIH, and Wikimedia Commons resources. We sincerely appreciate their kindness. We have made this textbook available for our future colleagues to gain entry-level scientific knowledge applicable for serving individuals with communication disorders.

June S. Levitt, Ph.D., LDT, CCC-SLP
Sarah L. Guigneaux, M.S., CCC-SLP

August 2021
Contact: OpenResource2020@gmail.com

Preface
Neural Pathways of Communication was designed for the first neurology course (known as "Neuro-1") in the master's level graduate study of Speech-Language Pathology. Our first open educational resource (OER) textbook was developed in 2020, shortly after the COVID-19 Pandemic began. Reducing the costs of study materials helps rising Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) progress toward their licensure and certification without interruptions due to financial setbacks. Developing the Open Education Resource (OER) resources is our ongoing effort to support rising SLPs.
A large part of this book is from various OpenStax textbook series. OpenStax is a nonprofit organization based out of Rice University in Houston, Texas. Its open resource textbooks cover a vast amount of information for two-semester core curriculum courses in various disciplines. OpenStax generously permits educators to use their books' content in part or in whole to develop textbooks customized for each instructor's course structure. The present textbook's OpenStax content is color- coded in black ink. Supplementary information concerning speech-language pathology appears in blue ink. The original OpenStax texts are accessible free of charge at https://openstax.org/subjects. This textbook incorporates applicable content from the OpenStax books, Anatomy and Physiology, Psychology, and Biology for AP® Course.
This textbook additionally contains various images produced by the renowned Dr. Willard R. Zemlin (1929-1998) with permission. Dr. Zemlin was one of the leading scholars in anatomy and physiology concerning communication sciences and disorders. Dr. Zemlin's son, Mr. Karl Zemlin, kindly sharpened numerous images to provide high-resolution pictures. Mr. Zemlin expressed gratitude for the generosity of those who donated their bodies to science throughout his father's studies. A comprehensive collection of Dr. Zemlin's work is accessible at his memorial website http://zemlin.shs.uiuc.edu/zemlinBio.htm, which Mr. Zemlin manages.
This textbook also includes additional information from Wikimedia Commons, and various information from the agencies of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. Wiki Common offers various information under Creative Common (CC) licenses, allowing the use and remix of the materials. The images and information from the U.S. federal government are in the public domain. This textbook would not have been possible without the contributions of OpenStax, Mr. Karl Zemlin, and the generous providers of Wiki Common resources. We sincerely appreciate their support. We have made this textbook available for our future colleagues to gain entry-level scientific knowledge applicable for serving individuals with communication disorders.

June S. Levitt, Ph.D., LDT, CCC-SLP
Sarah L. Guigneaux, M.S., CCC-SLP

Contact: OpenResource2020@gmail.com

" The neuropharmacology course will discuss the drug-induced changes in functioning of the nervous system. The specific focus of this course will be to provide a description of the cellular and molecular actions of drugs on synaptic transmission. This course will also refer to specific diseases of the nervous system and their treatment in addition to giving an overview of the techniques used for the study of neuropharmacology. This course is offered during the Independent Activities Period (IAP), which is a special 4-week term at MIT that runs from the first week of January until the end of the month."

Neuroscience: Canadian 2nd Edition Open Textbook is a comprehensive source that examines the nervous system, neurodegeneration, techniques in studying neuroscience and emerging topics in the field.

Neuroscience for Pre-Clinical Students covers neuroenergetics, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and selected amino acid metabolism and degradation. This USMLE-aligned text is designed for a first-year undergraduate medical course and is meant to provide the essential biochemical information from these content areas in a concise format to enable students to engage in an active classroom. Hence, it does not cover neurophysiology and neuroanatomy; and clinical correlates and additional application of content are intended to be provided in the classroom experience. The text assumes that the students will have completed medical school prerequisites (including the MCAT) in which they will have been introduced to the most fundamental concepts of biology and chemistry that are essential to understand the content presented here. With its focus on high-yield concepts, this resource will assist the learner later in medical school and for exam preparation.

The 49-page text was created specifically for use by pre-clinical students at Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine and was based on faculty experience and peer review to guide development and hone important topics.

Available Formats
ISBN 978-1-949373-80-6 (PDF)
ISBN 978-1-949373-81-3 (ePub) [coming soon]
ISBN 978-1-949373-84-4 (print) [coming sooon]
ISBN 978-1-949373-82-0 (Pressbooks) https://pressbooks.lib.vt.edu/neuroscience
Also available via LibreTexts: https://med.libretexts.org/@go/page/35685

How to Adopt this Book
Instructors reviewing, adopting, or adapting parts or the whole of the text are requested to register their interest at: https://bit.ly/interest-preclinical.

Instructors and subject matter experts interested in and sharing their original course materials relevant to pre-clinical education are requested to join the instructor portal at https://www.oercommons.org/groups/pre-clinical-resources/10133.

Features of this Book
1. Detailed learning objectives are provided at the beginning of each subsection;
2. High resolution, color contrasting figures illustrate concepts, relationships, and processes throughout;
3. Summary tables display detailed information;
4. End of chapter lists provide additional sources of information; and
5. Accessibility features including structured heads and alternative-text provide access for readers accessing the work via a screen-reader.

Table of Contents
1. Neuron and astrocyte metabolism
2. Neurotransmitters — ACh, glutamate, GABA, and glycine
3. Neuropeptides and unconventional neurotransmitters
4. Amino acid metabolism and specialized products

Suggested Citation
LeClair, Renée J., (2022). Neuroscience for Pre-Clinical Students, Blacksburg, VA: Virginia Tech Publishing. https://doi.org/10.21061/neuroscience. Licensed with CC BY NC-SA 4.0.

About the Author
Renée J. LeClair is an Associate Professor in the Department of Basic Science Education at the Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, where her role is to engage activities that support the departmental mission of developing an integrated medical experience using evidence-based delivery grounded in the science of learning. She received a Ph.D. at Rice University and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the Maine Medical Center Research Institute in vascular biology. She became involved in medical education, curricular renovation, and implementation of innovative teaching methods during her first faculty appointment, at the University of New England, College of Osteopathic Medicine. In 2013, she moved to a new medical school, University of South Carolina, School of Medicine, Greenville. The opportunities afforded by joining a new program and serving as the Chair of the Curriculum committee provided a blank slate for creative curricular development and close involvement with the accreditation process. During her tenure she developed and directed a team-taught student-centered undergraduate medical course that integrated the scientific and clinical sciences to assess all six-core competencies of medical education.

Accessibility Note
The University Libraries at Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Publishing are committed to making its publications accessible in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. The HTML (Pressbooks) and ePub versions of this book utilize header structures and include alternative text which allow for machine-readability.

Please report any errors at https://bit.ly/feedback-preclinical

The provision of northern health care entails many unique challenges and circumstances that are rarely represented in mainstream health sciences education. This OpenEd Resource provides accessible content on health and health care from a northern perspective for the growing number of health professionals being educated in northern communities.

The provision of northern health care entails many unique challenges and circumstances that are rarely represented in mainstream health sciences education. This OpenEd Resource provides accessible content on health and health care from a northern perspective for the growing number of health professionals being educated in northern communities.

Nursing Care at the End of Life: What Every Clinician Should Know addresses an essential component of the basic educational preparation for the professional registered nurse student. Recent studies show that only one in four nurses feel confident in caring for dying patients and their families and less than 2% of overall content in nursing textbooks are related to end-of-life care. Despite the tremendous growth in palliative and end-of-life care programs across the country, very few nursing education programs provide adequate education on this topic for future nurses. The purpose of this textbook is to provide an indepth look at death and dying in this country and explore the vital role of the nurse in assisting patients and families along the journey towards the end of life. There is an emphasis throughout the book on the simple, yet understated value of effective interpersonal communication between the patient and clinician. The text provides a basic foundation for understanding death and dying, including a brief historical examination of some main conceptual models associated with how patients cope with impending loss. An overview of illness trajectories and models of care, such as hospice and palliative care, are discussed. Lastly, the latest evidence based approaches for pain and symptom management, ethical concerns, cultural considerations, care at the time of death, and bereavement are examined. The goal of this text is to foster the necessary skills for nurses to provide compassionate care to individuals who are nearing the end of life and families who are experiencing the loss of a loved one. Every chapter contains a “What You Should Know” section which highlights and reinforces the main message nurses should know when caring for their patient.

Nursing Care at the End of Life: What Every Clinician Should Know should be an essential component of basic educational preparation for the professional registered nurse student. Recent studies show that only one in four nurses feel confident in caring for dying patients and their families and less than 2% of overall content in nursing textbooks is related to end-of-life care, despite the tremendous growth in palliative and end-of-life care programs across the country. The purpose of this textbook is to provide an indepth look at death and dying in this country, including the vital role of the nurse in assisting patients and families along the journey towards the end of life. There is an emphasis throughout the book on the simple, yet understated value of effective interpersonal communication between the patient and clinician. The text provides a basic foundation of understanding death and dying, including a brief historical examination of some main conceptual models associated with how patients cope with impending loss. An overview of illness trajectories and models of care, such as hospice and palliative care are discussed. Lastly, the latest evidence-based approaches for pain and symptom management, ethical concerns, cultural considerations, care at the time of death, and grief/bereavement are examined. The goal of this text is to foster the necessary skills for nurses to provide compassionate care to individuals who are nearing the end of life and their families. Every chapter contains a “What You Should Know” section which highlights and reinforces foundational concepts.

This Nursing Fundamentals textbook is an open educational resource with CC-BY licensing developed for entry-level nursing students. Content is based on the Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) statewide nursing curriculum for the Nursing Fundamentals course (543-101), the 2019 NCLEX-RN Test Plan,[1] the 2020 NCLEX-PN Test Plan,[2] and the Wisconsin Nurse Practice Act.[3]

This book introduces the entry-level nursing student to the scope of nursing practice, various communication techniques, and caring for diverse patients. The nursing process is used as a framework for providing patient care based on the following nursing concepts: safety, oxygenation, comfort, spiritual well-being, grief and loss, sleep and rest, mobility, nutrition, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and elimination. Care for patients with integumentary disorders and cognitive or sensory impairments is also discussed. Learning activities have been incorporated into each chapter to encourage students to use critical thinking while applying content to patient care situations.

The Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN) project is supported by a $2.5 million grant from the Department of Education. This book is available for free online and can also be downloaded in multiple formats for offline use. The online version is required for interaction with adaptive learning activities included in each chapter. Affordable print versions may also be purchased from XanEdu in college bookstores and on Amazon.

This Nursing Fundamentals textbook is an open educational resource developed for entry-level nursing students.

This book introduces the entry-level nursing student to the scope of nursing practice, various communication techniques, and caring for diverse patients. The nursing process is used as a framework for providing patient care based on the following nursing concepts: safety, oxygenation, comfort, spiritual well-being, grief and loss, sleep and rest, mobility, nutrition, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and elimination. Care for patients with integumentary disorders and cognitive or sensory impairments is also discussed.

Learning activities have been incorporated into each chapter to encourage students to use critical thinking while applying content to patient care situations.

Content is based on the Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) statewide nursing curriculum for the Nursing Fundamentals course (543-101), the 2019 NCLEX-RN Test Plan,[1] the 2020 NCLEX-PN Test Plan,[2] and the Wisconsin Nurse Practice Act.[3]

The project is supported by a $2.5 million Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN) grant from the Department of Education and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Textbook on nursing management principles and professional concepts. This includes prioritization, delegation, and evidenced-based practice.

Overview: This textbook is an open educational resource with CC-BY licensing developed specifically for prelicensure nursing students. The e-book and downloadable versions are free. Affordable print versions are published in collaboration with XanEdu and available on Amazon and in college bookstores.

Content is based on the Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) statewide nursing curriculum for the Nursing Mental Health and Community Concepts course (543-110), the NCLEX-RN Test Plan, 1 and the American Psychiatric Nurses Association Education Council’s Crosswalk Toolkit: Defining and Using Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Skills in Undergraduate Nursing Education. 2 Mental health and community health concepts are discussed while emphasizing stress management techniques, healthy coping strategies, referrals to community resources, and other preventative interventions. Nursing care for individuals with specific mental health and substance use disorders is examined, and the nurse’s role in community health needs assessments and caring for vulnerable populations is introduced.

The e-book is free and can be viewed online or downloaded as a PDF or other formats for offline use. Affordable print versions are also published in collaboration with XanEdu and are available on Amazon and in college bookstores.

This open access Nursing Pharmacology textbook is designed for entry-level undergraduate nursing students. It explains basic concepts of pharmacology and describes common medication classes. This book is not intended to be used as a drug reference book, but direct links are provided to DailyMed, which provides trustworthy information about marketed drugs in the United States.

This textbook is aligned with the Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) statewide nursing curriculum for the Nursing Pharmacology course (543-103). The project is supported by a $2.5 million Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN) grant from the Department of Education and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This book is available for download in multiple formats, but the online version is required for interaction with the adaptive learning activities included in each chapter.

This open access Nursing Skills textbook includes physical assessments routinely performed by entry-level registered nurses[1], [2], [3] and basic nursing skills performed by licensed practical nurses.[4] It is based on the Wisconsin Technical College System (WTCS) statewide nursing curriculum for the Nursing Skills course (543-102), the 2019 NCLEX-RN Test Plan,[5] the 2020 NCLEX-PN Test Plan,[6] and the Wisconsin Nurse Practice Act.[7] Learning activities are included to encourage the student to engage in critical thinking and apply the nursing process while analyzing assessment findings.

The project is supported by a $2.5 million Open Resources for Nursing (Open RN) grant from the Department of Education and is licensed under CC-BY 4.0 creative commons license. This free book is available online and can also be downloaded in multiple formats for offline use. The online version is required for interaction with the adaptive learning activities included in each chapter.

The following video provides a quick overview of how to navigate the online version.
https://cvtc.instructuremedia.com/embed/37638eb8-1690-41e0-bb5b-127b8e3d8977

This is the Nursing and Allied Health Resources wiki, a collaborative project by members of the Nursing and Allied Health Resource Section of the Medical Library Association. Use the left-hand navigation to browse the content. The content includes resources for nurses and other health

Nutrition for Nurses is structured to support the flexible integration of nutrition content across both system-based and nursing competency-based curricula. It can be used whether nutrition is taught as a standalone course or part of another nursing course. The table of contents for Nutrition for Nurses presents content in 20 chapters, organized into 9 thematic units.

The text emphasizes evidence-based practice and holistic assessment to facilitate the integration of nutritional awareness for pre-licensure nursing students in the provision of client-centered care. Nutrition for Nurses helps students develop sound clinical judgment as well as a deep understanding of the impact of nutrition on body systems across the lifespan.

Written and reviewed by highly experienced faculty, Nutrition for Nurses includes a detailed narrative, extensive features and learning resources, and ample student support. The presentation utilizes concepts promoting the development of clinical judgment by building upon the systematic model developed by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN).